{"id":2308,"date":"2012-04-27T10:42:27","date_gmt":"2012-04-27T10:42:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sscsda.org.tw\/?p=2308"},"modified":"2012-04-27T10:42:27","modified_gmt":"2012-04-27T10:42:27","slug":"%e7%ac%ac%e5%8d%81%e4%b8%83%e7%af%80-%e4%b8%83%e5%8d%b0%e5%b0%81%e5%9a%b4%e4%ba%86%e7%9a%84%e6%9b%b8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.sscsda.org.tw\/?p=2308","title":{"rendered":"\u7b2c\u5341\u4e03\u7bc0 \u4e03\u5370\u5c01\u56b4\u4e86\u7684\u66f8"},"content":{"rendered":"

1.\u7d04\u7ff0\u5728\u5750\u5bf6\u5ea7\u7684\u53f3\u624b\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u6211\u770b\u898b\u5750\u5bf6\u5ea7\u7684\u53f3\u624b\u4e2d\u6709\u66f8\u5377\uff0c\u88e1\u5916\u90fd\u5beb\u8457\u5b57\uff0c\u7528\u4e03\u5370\u5c01\u56b4\u4e86<\/span>\u3002\u201d\u555f5:1<\/p>\n

2.\u7f94\u7f8a\u8207\u9019\u66f8\u6709\u4f55\u95dc\u4fc2\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u9019\u7f94\u7f8a\u524d\u4f86\uff0c\u5f9e\u5750\u5bf6\u5ea7\u7684\u53f3\u624b\u88e1\u62ff\u4e86\u66f8\u5377<\/span>\u3002\u201d\u555f5:7<\/p>\n

3.\u70ba\u4f55\u53ea\u6709\u57fa\u7763\u914d\u958b\u9019\u4e9b\u66f8\u5377\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u4ed6\u5011\u5531\u65b0\u6b4c\uff0c\u8aaa:\u2018\u4f60\u914d\u62ff\u66f8\u5377\uff0c\u914d\u63ed\u958b\u4e03\u5370\uff1b\u56e0\u70ba\u4f60\u66fe\u88ab\u6bba\uff0c\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8840\u5f9e\u5404\u65cf\u3001\u5404\u65b9\u3001\u5404\u6c11\u3001\u5404\u570b\u4e2d\u8cb7\u4e86\u4eba\u4f86\uff0c\u53eb\u4ed6\u5011\u6b78\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d<\/span>\u3002\u2019\u201d\u555f5:9<\/p>\n

4.\u5728\u63ed\u958b\u7b2c\u4e00\u5370\u6642\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u6211\u770b\u898b\u7f94\u7f8a\u63ed\u958b\u4e03\u5370\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u5370\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u5c31\u807d\u898b\u56db\u6d3b\u7269\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6d3b\u7269\uff0c\u8072\u97f3\u5982\u96f7\uff0c\u8aaa:\u2018\u4f60\u4f86!\u2019\u6211\u5c31\u89c0\u770b\uff0c\u898b\u6709\u4e00\u5339\u767d\u99ac<\/span>\uff0c\u9a0e\u5728\u99ac\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u62ff\u8457\u5f13\uff0c\u4e26\u6709\u51a0\u5195\u8cdc\u7d66\u4ed6\u3002\u4ed6\u4fbf\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u52dd\u4e86\u53c8\u8981\u52dd\u3002\u201d\u555f6:1\uff0d2<\/p>\n

\u6ce8:\u4e03\u5370\u6307\u660e\u6559\u6703\u5f9e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u6642\u4ee3\u958b\u59cb\u76f4\u5230\u57fa\u7763\u8907\u81e8\u4e4b\u9593\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7d93\u6b77\u3002\u90a3\u767d\u99ac\u53ca\u9a0e\u5728\u99ac\u4e0a\u8981\u51fa\u4f86\u5f97\u52dd\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5f62\u8c61\u5730\u8868\u660e\u77ad\u65e9\u671f\u7d14\u6f54\u7684\u6559\u6703\uff0c\u5e36\u8457\u6551\u8d16\u7684\u798f\u97f3\u5230\u5929\u4e0b\u53bb\u7684\u60c5\u666f\uff0c\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u6559\u6703\u5f97\u52dd\u7684\u8c61\u5fb5\u3002<\/p>\n

5.\u5728\u958b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5370\u6642\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u63ed\u958b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5370\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u807d\u898b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u6d3b\u7269\u8aaa:\u2018\u4f60\u4f86!\u2019\u5c31\u53e6\u6709\u4e00\u5339\u99ac<\/span>\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u662f\u7d05\u7684<\/span>\uff0c\u6709\u6b0a\u67c4\u7d66\u4e86\u90a3\u9a0e\u99ac\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u5730\u4e0a\u596a\u53bb\u592a\u5e73\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u6bba\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u4e00\u628a\u5927\u5200\u8cdc\u7d66\u4ed6\u3002\u201d\u555f6:3\uff0d4<\/p>\n

\u6ce8:\u5982\u679c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5339\u99ac\u4ee3\u8868\u8457\u9a0e\u99ac\u8005\u50b3\u63da\u4e4b\u798f\u97f3\u7684\u7d14\u6b63\uff1b\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5339\u99ac\u7684\u984f\u8272\u5247\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6b64\u6642\u5df2\u6709\u8150\u6557\u9032\u5165\u6559\u6703\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u7684\u78ba\u5728\u4f7f\u5f92\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u6559\u6703\u4e4b\u5f8c\u51fa\u73fe\u3002\u96c5\u5404\u6c83\u745e\uff08James Wharey\uff09\u8ad6\u5230\u4e8c\u4e16\u7d00\u6559\u6703\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u6642\u8aaa:\u201c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5df2\u7d93\u7a7f\u4e0a\u4e86\u7570\u6559\u7684\u888d\u5b50\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u5f8c\u4f86\u6f2b\u5ef6\u65bc\u6559\u6703\uff0c\u640d\u50b7\u4e86\u798f\u97f3\u4e4b\u7f8e\uff0c\u6557\u58de\u4e86\u5176\u69ae\u8000\u7684\u8b2c\u8aa4\u7684\u7a2e\u5b50\uff0c\u9019\u6642\u5df2\u7d93\u751f\u6839\u4e86\u3002\u201d\u2014\u300a\u6559\u6703\u7c21\u53f2\u300b(1804\u7248)\u7b2c39\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

\u201c\u5f37\u76db\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6703\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u53d7\u904e\u6d17\u79ae\u7684\u7f85\u99ac\u5e1d\u570b\u7684\u7ffb\u7248\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u7f85\u99ac\u6539\u982d\u63db\u9762\uff0c\u4e5f\u6539\u800c\u6b78\u6559\u4e86\u3002\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e0d\u85c9\u8457\u7f85\u99ac\u6587\u660e\u548c\u7570\u6559\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u58ef\u5927\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u591a\u795e\u8ad6\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3001\u7bc0\u65e5\u3001\u79ae\u5100\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u6253\u4e0a\u4e86\u5176\u8272\u5f69\u3002\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f81\u670d\u7f85\u99ac\uff0c\u7f85\u99ac\u4e5f\u5f81\u670d\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u82e5\u767c\u73fe\u6559\u6703\u5f9e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u5230\u56db\u4e16\u7d00\u7d93\u6b77\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u8b8a\u5316\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u8db3\u70ba\u5947\u4e86\u3002\u201d\u2014\uff0dA.C.Flick\uff1b\u300a\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u6559\u6703\u7684\u8208\u8d77\u300b(Putman\u2019s, 1909\u7248)\u7b2c148,149\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

6.\u7b2c\u4e09\u5370\u8c61\u5fb5\u7269\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u984f\u8272\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u63ed\u958b\u7b2c\u4e09\u5370\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u807d\u898b\u7b2c\u4e09\u500b\u6d3b\u7269\u8aaa:\u2018\u4f60\u4f86!\u2019\u6211\u5c31\u89c0\u770b\uff0c\u898b\u6709\u4e00\u5339\u9ed1\u99ac<\/span>\uff0c\u9a0e\u5728\u99ac\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u624b\u88e1\u62ff\u8457\u5929\u5e73\u3002\u201d\u555f6:5<\/p>\n

\u6ce8:\u201c\u9ed1\u201d\u99ac\u6070\u5982\u5176\u5206\u5730\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u5f9e\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u5230\u6559\u7687\u4e3b\u6b0a\u4e8e\u897f\u5143538\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6559\u6703\u7684\u9ed1\u6697\u548c\u8870\u6557\u3002\u8ad6\u5230\u897f\u5143\u56db\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u83f2\u5229\u6d66\u00b7\u6c99\u592b\uff08Philip Schaff\uff09\u8aaa:\u201c\u4f46\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u5347\u7d1a\u6210\u70ba\u570b\u5bb6\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u4e5f\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7684\u601d\u8003\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u5b83\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u6559\u6703\u5927\u92b3\u8b8a\u7684\u5371\u96aa\u3002\u2026\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5316\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5012\u5411\u4e86\u6559\u6703\u7684\u7570\u6559\u5316\u548c\u4e16\u4fd7\u5316\u3002\u2026\u7f85\u99ac\u5e1d\u570b\u7684\u7fa4\u773e\u53ea\u662f\u7528\u6c34\u65bd\u6d17\uff0c\u800c\u672a\u7528\u798f\u97f3\u7684\u9748\u8207\u706b\u65bd\u6d17\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u540d\u7a31\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u628a\u7570\u6559\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8207\u4f5c\u6cd5\u5077\u904b\u9032\u4e86\u8056\u6bbf\u3002\u201d\u2014\u300a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6703\u53f2 \u300b\u53772(Scribner\u2019s\uff0c1902\u5e74\u7248)\u7b2c93\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

7.\u7b2c\u56db\u500b\u8c61\u5fb5\u7269\u7684\u984f\u8272\u548c\u6027\u8cea\u5982\u4f55\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u63ed\u958b\u7b2c\u56db\u5370\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u807d\u898b\u7b2c\u56db\u500b\u6d3b\u7269\u8aaa:\u2018\u4f60\u4f86!\u2019\u6211\u5c31\u89c0\u770b\uff0c\u898b\u6709\u4e00\u5339\u7070\u8272\u99ac<\/span>\uff0c\u9a0e\u5728\u99ac\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u540d\u5b57\u53eb\u6b7b\uff0c\u9670\u5e9c\u4e5f\u96a8\u8457\u4ed6\uff1b\u6709\u6b0a\u67c4\u8cdc\u7d66\u4ed6\u5011\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5200\u528d\u3001\u9951\u8352\u3001\u761f\u75ab\u3001\u91ce\u7378\u3001\u6bba\u5bb3\u5730\u4e0a\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u201d\u555f6:7\u20148<\/p>\n

\u6ce8:\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u99ac\u7684\u984f\u8272\u3002\u539f\u6587\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u6307\u67af\u6557\u7684\u690d\u7269\u6240\u5448\u73fe\u7684\u7070\u8272\u6216\u5448\u6b7b\u72c0\u7684\u6dfa\u9ec3\u8272\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u8c61\u5fb5\u660e\u986f\u662f\u6307\u7f85\u99ac\u6559\u6703\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b50\u6c11\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u5143538\u5e74\u6559\u7687\u4e3b\u6b0a\u958b\u59cb\u5230\u6539\u9769\u6642\u671f\u6240\u65bd\u884c\u7684\u903c\u8feb\u548c\u6b7b\u5211\u3002<\/p>\n

8.\u5728\u958b\u7b2c\u4e94\u5370\u6642\uff0c\u5728\u796d\u58c7\u4e0b\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u63ed\u958b\u7b2c\u4e94\u5370\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u770b\u898b\u796d\u58c7\u5e95\u4e0b\uff0c\u6709\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9053\uff0c\u4e26\u70ba\u4f5c\u898b\u8b49\u88ab\u6bba\u4e4b\u4eba\u7684\u9748\u9b42<\/span>\u3002\u201d\u555f6:9<\/p>\n

\u6ce8:\u9019\u662f\u5f9e\u5341\u516d\u4e16\u7d00\u5230\u6559\u7687\u903c\u8feb\u52e2\u529b\u53d7\u5230\u6291\u5236\u6642\u7684\u4e00\u5e45\u53d7\u6559\u7687\u903c\u8feb\u7684\u6b89\u9053\u8005\u7684\u5834\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

9.\u9019\u4e9b\u6b89\u9053\u8005\u5728\u505a\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u5927\u8072\u558a\u8457\u8aaa:\u2018\u8056\u6f54\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u4e3b\u554a\uff0c\u4f60\u4e0d\u5be9\u5224\u4f4f\u5728\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u4f38\u6d41\u8840\u7684\u51a4\uff0c\u8981\u7b49\u5230\u5e7e\u6642\u5462\uff1f\u2019\u201d\u555f6:10<\/p>\n

\u6ce8:\u547c\u558a\u5411\u6b98\u9177\u58d3\u5236\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4eba\u5831\u4ec7\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u4e9e\u4f2f\u7684\u8840\u5f9e\u5730\u4e0a\u5411\u4e0a\u5e1d\u547c\u558a\u4e00\u6a23(\u52754:10)\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5929\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u58c7\u5e95\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u88ab\u5c60\u6bba\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u8457\u540d\u89e3\u7d93\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e9e\u7576\u00b7\u514b\u62c9\u514b\uff08Adam Clarke\uff09\u5c0d\u6b64\u89e3\u91cb\u8aaa:\u201c\u58c7\u5728\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5728\u5929\u4e0a\u3002\u201d\u898b\u4e0b\u4e00\u554f\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n

10.\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8cdc\u7d66\u9019\u4e9b\u6b89\u9053\u8005\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u65bc\u662f\u6709\u767d\u8863\u670d\u8cdc\u7d66\u4ed6\u5011\u5404\u4eba\uff1b\u53c8\u6709\u8a71\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u8aaa\uff0c\u9084\u8981\u5b89\u606f\u7247\u6642\uff0c\u7b49\u8457\u4e00\u540c\u4f5c\u50d5\u4eba\u7684\uff0c\u548c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5f1f\u5144\uff0c\u4e5f\u8c61\u4ed6\u5011\u88ab\u6bba\uff0c\u6eff\u8db3\u4e86\u6578\u76ee\u3002\u201d\u555f6:11<\/p>\n

\u6ce8:\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u662f\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u5370\u6240\u5c01\u4f4f\u7684\u6642\u671f\u5167\u88ab\u6bba\u7684\u3002\u9019\u6642\uff0c\u7d55\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u903c\u8feb\u4eba\u7684\u60e1\u4eba\u9019\u6642\u5df2\u7d93\u6b7b\u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5011\u6b7b\u6642\u5c31\u5df2\u9032\u5165\u4e86\u53d7\u61f2\u7f70\u7684\u57f8\u6240\uff0c(\u5982\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u6240\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u90a3\u6a23)\uff0c\u6b89\u9053\u8005\u6709\u4f55\u5fc5\u8981\u4e00\u518d\u8981\u6c42\u61f2\u7f70\u90a3\u4e9b\u903c\u8feb\u8005\u5462\uff1f\u5728\u9019\u88e1\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u5728\u8056\u7d93\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u7528\u4e86\u64ec\u4eba\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u624b\u6cd5\uff0c\u7121\u751f\u6c23\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u88ab\u8868\u73fe\u70ba\u6d3b\u7684\u80fd\u8aaa\u8a71\u7684 \uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7576\u6210\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u4e86\u3002(\u898b\u58eb9:8\u201415)\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6b89\u9053\u8005\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u5370\u6642\u671f\u5167\u88ab\u9ed1\u6697\u548c\u7570\u7aef\u65a5\u70ba\u7570\u7aef\uff0c\u8499\u53d7\u4e86\u6975\u5927\u7684\u5c48\u8fb1\u548c\u7f9e\u6065\u3002\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u5728\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5149\u7167\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u54c1\u5fb7\u986f\u660e\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u516c\u7fa9\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8cdc\u7d66\u4e86\u201c\u767d\u8863\u201d\u3002\u201c\u9019\u7d30\u9ebb\u8863\u5c31\u662f\u8056\u5f92\u6240\u884c\u7684\u7fa9\u201d(\u555f19:8)\u7fa9\u5c31\u6b78\u7d66\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u58c7\u5e95\u4e0b\u518d\u7b49\u7247\u6642\uff0c\u76f4\u7b49\u5230\u6240\u6709\u70ba\u4fe1\u4ef0\u800c\u6b7b\u7684\u4eba\u96a8\u4ed6\u5011\u800c\u4f86\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c31\u8981\u4e00\u8d77\u5fa9\u6d3b\uff0c\u9032\u5165\u4e0d\u673d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u61c9\u8a72\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u4e03\u5370\u7684\u982d\u516d\u5370\u90fd\u767c\u751f\u5728\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5929\u4e0a\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u6b89\u9053\u8005\u6240\u8eba\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u70ba\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5c31\u7fa9\u72a7\u7272\u7684\u58c7\u3002\u61c9\u8a72\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u5728\u5730\u4e0a\u88ab\u6bba\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5929\u4e0a\u88ab\u6bba\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u8db3\u5920\u8aaa\u660e\u554f\u984c\u4e86\uff0c\u6cc1\u4e14\u5929\u4e0a\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u796d\u58c7\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n

11.\u63ed\u958b\u7b2c\u516d\u5370\u7684\u6642\u5019\u6700\u5148\u770b\u5230\u7684\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u63ed\u958b\u7b2c\u516d\u5370\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u53c8\u770b\u898b\u5730\u5927\u9707\u52d5<\/span>\u3002\u201d\u555f6:12<\/p>\n

\u6ce8\uff1b\u7e7c\u7b2c\u4e94\u5370\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e0b\u4e00\u5370\u6240\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u662f\u5927\u5730\u9707\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u91cc\u65af\u672c\uff08Lisbon\uff09\u5927\u5730\u9707\u3002\u201c\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u5927\u5730\u9707\u767c\u751f\u65bc1755\u5e7411\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u662f\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u9707\u3002\u201d\u2014\u300a\u65b0\u7248\u5c3c\u723e\u68ee\u6d3b\u9801\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u66f8\u300b\u201c\u5730\u9707\u201d\u689d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u82f1\u570b\u7687\u5bb6\u5b78\u6703\u6703\u54e1\u3001\u82f1\u570b\u5730\u8cea\u5b78\u6703\u6703\u9577.\u5730\u8cea\u79d1\u5b78\u4e2d\u61c9\u7528\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5275\u59cb\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u67e5\u7406\u65af\u00b7\u8cf4\u723e\uff08Sir Charles Lyell, 1797-1875\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u6240\u8457\u300a\u5730\u8cea\u5b78\u539f\u7406\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\u5c0d\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u5730\u9707\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0:\u201c\u731b\u70c8\u7684\u9707\u52d5\u9707\u57ae\u4e86\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u5340\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u7d046\u5206\u9418\u5167\u67096\u842c\u4eba\u55aa\u751f\u3002\u6d77\u6c34\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u9000\u7a7a\uff0c\u986f\u51fa\u6d77\u5e95\uff1b\u7136\u5f8c\u53c8\u5e2d\u6372\u800c\u4e0a\uff0c\u6bd4\u5e73\u5e38\u9ad8\u51fa50\u5c3a\u5de6\u53f3\u201d\u3002\u300a\u5730\u8cea\u5b78\u539f\u7406\u300b(\u7b2c11\u7248\uff0c1872)\u5377\uff0c\u7b2c147\u3001148\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300a\u5927\u4e0d\u5217\u985b\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u66f8\u300b(1945\u5e74\u7248)\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6578\u5b57\u6709\u8f03\u4f4e\u7684\u4f30\u8a08\uff0c\u4f46\u8aaa\u5230\u5730\u9707\u5f71\u97ff\u6240\u53ca\u9054\u5230\u8607\u683c\u862d\u3001\u745e\u58eb\u3001\u5927\u4e0d\u5217\u985b\u3001\u745e\u5178\u548c\u632a\u5a01\u7b49\u570b\u3002(\u201c\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u201d\u8207\u201c\u5730\u9707\u201d\u689d)\u3002<\/p>\n

12.\u5927\u5730\u9707\u4e4b\u5f8c\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u65e5\u982d\u8b8a\u9ed1\u8c61\u6bdb\u5e03\uff0c\u6eff\u6708\u8b8a\u7d05\u8c61\u8840<\/span>\u3002\u201d\u555f6:12<\/p>\n

\u6ce8:1780\u5e745\u670819\u65e5\uff0c\u53f2\u7a31\u201c\u9ed1\u6697\u65e5\u201d\u3002\u9ed1\u6697\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5f9e\u65b0\u82f1\u683c\u862d\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u4e86\u7d10\u7d04\u3002\u64da\u5404\u5bb6\u5831\u7d19\u5831\u5c0e\uff0c\u5f9e\u68ee\u6797\u5927\u706b\u6240\u5347\u8d77\u7684\u7159\u9727\uff0c\u4e00\u9023\u6301\u7e8c\u4e86\u5e7e\u5929\uff0c\u8207\u6fc3\u6fc3\u7684\u96f2\u9727\u5408\u4f75\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86\u5f9e\u4e0a\u534811\u9ede\u5230\u5348\u591c\u7684\u7121\u8a00\u53ef\u7f6e\u7684\u9ed1\u6697\u3002\u5348\u591c\u904e\u5f8c\uff0c\u6708\u4eae\u548c\u661f\u6668\u624d\u6f38\u6f38\u6cdb\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n

\u201c\u5348\u591c\u7adf\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u6b63\u5348\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u665a\u4e0a\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u6708\u5713\u525b\u904e\uff0c\u201c\u4e5f\u8a31\u81ea\u5f9e\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u6c11\u5f9e\u5974\u5f79\u4e4b\u5bb6\u51fa\u4f86\u5f8c\uff0c\u518d\u672a\u6709\u904e\u6bd4\u6b64\u66f4\u6697\u7684\u6642\u5019\u4e86\u3002\u201d\u6709\u5831\u5c0e\u8aaa\uff0c\u8207\u9019\u4e00\u8d85\u5e38\u73fe\u8c61\u76f8\u9023\u7684\u662f\uff0d\uff0d\u6708\u4eae\u8b8a\u7d05\u4e86\uff01\u5c0d\u9020\u6210\u9019\u4e00\u8b8a\u5316\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6b77\u4f86\u773e\u8aaa\u7d1b\u7d1c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u68ee\u6797\u5927\u706b\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u89e3\u91cb\u9019\u9ebc\u5927\u9762\u7a4d\u7684\u9ed1\u6697\uff0c\u78ba\u5be6\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5f9e\u672a\u6709\u904e\u5b9a\u8ad6\u3002(Letter signed \u201cViator\u201d in Independent Chronicle\uff3b\u6ce2\u58eb\u9813\uff3d\uff0c1780\u5e745\u670825\u65e5\u7b2c2\u9762\u3002\u53e6\u898b\u300a\u8cd3\u5dde\u665a\u5831\u300b(Philadephia),1780\u5e746\u67086\u65e5\uff0c\u7b2c62\u9762)\u3002(\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u8acb\u898b\u4e0b\u7ae0\u76f8\u95dc\u5167\u5bb9)<\/p>\n

13.\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u5370\u4e0b\u5728\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e8b\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u5929\u4e0a\u7684\u661f\u8fb0\u589c\u843d\u4e8e\u5730\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u7121\u82b1\u679c\u6a39\u88ab\u5927\u98a8\u6416\u52d5\uff0c\u843d\u4e0b\u672a\u719f\u7684\u679c\u5b50\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u201d\u555f6:13<\/p>\n

\u6ce8:\u8056\u7d93\u4e0a\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u201c\u661f\u8fb0\u589c\u843d\u201d\uff0c\u660e\u986f\u8207\u5929\u6587\u5b78\u5bb6\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u6d41\u661f\u6216\u201c\u661f\u8fb0\u589c\u843d\u201d\u70ba\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u610f\u601d\u3002\u7e7c\u9019\u6b21\u6700\u6709\u540d\u7684\u65e5\u6708\u8b8a\u6697\u4e4b\u5f8c50\u5e74\u7684\u6642\u9593\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u6d41\u661f\u96e8\u73fe\u8c61\u3002\u201c\u6700\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u6d41\u661f\u96e8\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u8981\u65781833\u5e7411\u670812\u65e5\u767c\u751f\u5728Leonids\u7684\u9019\u4e00\u6b21\u4e86\u3002\u201d(Charles.A.Young.\u8457\u300a\u5929\u6587\u624b\u518a\u300b\uff0c1902\u5e74\u7248\uff0csec.521\u3002\uff09\u201c\u589c\u843d\u7684\u7fa4\u661f\u98a8\u66b4\u5f0f\u5730\u843d\u5230\u5730\u9762\u4e0a\u3002\u5317\u7f8e\u6210\u4e86\u9019\u6b21\u6253\u64ca\u9996\u7576\u5176\u885d\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u3002\u201d(Agnes M. Clerke\uff0c\u300a19\u4e16\u7d00\u901a\u4fd7\u5929\u6587\u5b78\u53f2\u300b(1855\u5e74\u7248)\u7b2c369\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4f4d\u76ee\u64ca\u8005\u5831\u544a\u8aaa:\u201c\u5148\u77e5\u7684\u9019\u53e5\u8a71\u5e38\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u6bd4\u55bb\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6628\u5929\u537b\u6309\u5176\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u7fa9\u61c9\u9a57\u4e86\u3002\u2026 \u5728\u6628\u5929\u4ee5\u524d\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u60f3\u5230\u5b83\u6703\u61c9\u9a57\u3002\u2026\u82e5\u662f\u6211\u8981\u5f9e\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u5c0b\u627e\u4e00\u500b\u6bd4\u55bb\uff0c\u6211\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u5408\u9069\u65bc\u63cf\u7e6a\u8056\u7d04\u7ff0\u5728\u9810\u8a00\u4e2d\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5c0d\u5929\u8c61\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u2026\u589c\u843d\u7684\u7fa4\u661f\uff0c\u4e0d\u50cf\u662f\u5f9e\u5e7e\u68f5\u9707\u52d5\u7684\u6a39\u4e0a\uff0c\u5012\u50cf\u662f\u5f9e\u4e00\u68f5\u6a39\u4e0a\u843d\u4e0b\u7684:\u5728\u6771\u65b9\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u5411\u6771\u589c\u843d\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u589c\u843d\uff0c\u5728\u5357\u65b9\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u5728\u5357\u65b9\u589c\u843d\uff0c\u5728\u5317\u65b9\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u5411\u5317\u65b9\u589c\u843d\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u8c61\u719f\u900f\u7684\u6c34\u679c\u6389\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u6a23\u5b50\uff0c\u9060\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u9ebc\u56de\u4e8b\u3002\u7fa4\u661f\u98db\u821e\uff0c\u50cf\u662f\u88ab\u6454\u4e0b\u53bb\u4f3c\u7684\u3002\u8c61\u672a\u719f\u7684\u6c34\u679c\uff0c\u958b\u59cb\u6642\u62d2\u7d55\u96e2\u958b\u6a39\u679d\uff1b\u4f46\u7576\u5b83\u6399\u812b\u6a39\u679d\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u98db\u5feb\u5730\u98db\u53bb\uff0c\u843d\u4e0b\uff1b\u6709\u7684\u8d8a\u904e\u4e86\u5225\u7684\u8def\u5f91\uff0c\u50cf\u662f\u7528\u529b\u6454\u958b\u4f3c\u7684\u3002\u201d\u300a\u7d10\u7d04\u5546\u52d9\u5b78\u5831\u300b\u76ee\u64ca\u8a18\u9304\uff0c\u53778\uff0cNo534\uff0c1833\u5e7411\u670816\u65e5\u661f\u671f\u516d\u3002<\/p>\n

14.\u9810\u8a00\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u5929\u5c31\u632a\u79fb\uff0c\u597d\u8c61\u66f8\u5377\u88ab\u5377\u8d77\u4f86\uff1b\u5c71\u5dba\u6d77\u5cf6\u90fd\u88ab\u632a\u79fb\u96e2\u958b\u672c\u4f4d\u3002\u201d\u555f6:14<\/p>\n

\u6ce8:\u9019\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5c1a\u672a\u61c9\u9a57\uff0c\u5c07\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u964d\u81e8\u6642\u767c\u751f\u3002\u6211\u5011\u6b63\u8655\u65bc\u5169\u500b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e4b\u9593\u2014\uff0d\u5929\u4e0a\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u500b\u5fb5\u5146\u548c\u5929\u5730\u88ab\u5377\u96e2\u958b\u672c\u4f4d\u3002\u9019\u88e1\u6240\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u5927\u5fb5\u5146\uff0c\u6a19\u8a8c\u8457\u57fa\u7763\u4e8c\u6b21\u964d\u81e8\u548c\u5730\u4e0a\u842c\u7269\u7684\u6d88\u4ea1\uff0c\u90fd\u5df2\u6210\u70ba\u904e\u53bb\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u7b49\u5019\u8457\u865f\u7b52\u5439\u97ff\uff0c\u7d50\u675f\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u9019\u53f0\u6232\u3002<\/p>\n

15.\u9019\u4ef6\u5927\u4e8b\u5c0d\u4e16\u754c\u6709\u4f55\u5f71\u97ff\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

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16.\u7576\u555f\u793a\u9304\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u7684\u84cb\u5370\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5728\u7b2c\u516d\u5370\u4e4b\u4e0b\u51fa\u73fe\u4e4b\u6642\uff0c\u8056\u7d93\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4ecb\u7d39\u7b2c\u4e03\u5370\u7684\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

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